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Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
The Sixteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XVI)〔Kuhrt 1995: 118〕 was a dynasty of pharaohs that ruled the Theban region in Upper Egypt〔 for 70 years.〔
This dynasty, together with Dynasties XV and XVII, was often combined under the group title, Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650-1580 BC), a period that saw the division of Upper and Lower Egypt between the pharaohs at Thebes and the Hyksos kings of the 15th dynasty based at Avaris.
==Identification==
Of the two chief versions of Manetho's ''Aegyptiaca'', Dynasty XVI is described by the more reliable〔 Africanus (supported by Syncellus)〔Cory 1876〕 as "shepherd (HREF="http://www.kotoba.ne.jp/word/11/hyksos" TITLE="hyksos">hyksos'' ) kings", but by Eusebius as Theban.〔
Ryholt (1997), followed by Bourriau (2003), in reconstructing the Turin canon, interpreted a list of Thebes-based kings to constitute Manetho's Dynasty XVI, although this is one of Ryholt's "most debatable and far-reaching" conclusions.〔Bourriau 2003: 179〕 For this reason other scholars do not follow Ryholt and see only ''insufficient'' evidence for the interpretation of the Sixteenth Dynasty as Theban.〔see for example, Quirke, in Maree: ''The Second Intemediate Period (Thirteenth - Seventeenth Dynasties, Current Research, Future Prospects'', Leuven 2011, Paris — Walpole, MA. ISBN 978-9042922280, p. 56, n. 6〕
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